摘要：山东人说普通话的口音主要源于山东方言声调和普通话声调的差异。本课题选择山东方 言中的潍坊话作为目的语，对潍坊话的声调调值及调型进行研究。本次实验共从潍坊当地 招募八名中年被试，以实验型田野调查为研究方法，用实验专用录音机和麦克风在安静的 房间内对被试进行录音。以《潍坊方言志》(1992)中提及的潍坊话调型和调值作为参考， 用 Praat 脚本 ProsodyPro 提取的潍坊话时长、基频等声学参数的具体数据，并对说话人基 频值进行归一化处理。最后以五度标音法为标准，为潍坊话声调确认调值和调型。

《潍坊方言志》(1992)中指出：潍坊话中的阴平为降升调（213），阳平为高降调（42） 上声为高平调（55），去声为低降调（21）。本实验的结果表明：潍坊话的四种调型与《潍 坊方言志》中记载的基本一致，但具体调值存在差异，分别为 324、52、44、41。本课题 不仅可以为方言音系声学建模提供基础数据，还可为方言区普通话正音提供参考依据。

关键词 潍坊方言 声调 时长 基频高度 基频曲线

Title Pitch Heights and Contours of Tones in Weifang Dialect : An Experimental Approach

Abstract：The regional accent of Shandong people mainly arises from tone differences between Shandong Dialect and Standard Mandarin. This study selected one of the most important dialects in Shandong, Weifang Dialect, as the target language to study pitch heights and contours of tones. Eight middle-aged native Weifang Dialect speakers participated in the experimental fieldwork. The experiment was conducted by a set of professional recorder and microphone in a quiet room. Tone types and values mentioned in Documentation of Weifang Dialect (1992) were taken as reference. Acoustic data, including duration and fundamental frequency (F0) , were extracted by using a Praat script ProsodyPro (Xu, 2013) to track the pitch heights and contours. F0 values were normalized for speakers’ inpidual differences to Log-Z scores (Zhu, 2006) Finally, according to five-scale annotation of tones (Chao, 1933), tone types of Weifang Dialect were determined.  .

According to Documentation of Weifang Dialect (1992), "yinping" (213) represents a dipping tone while "yangping" (42) high-falling, "shangsheng" (55) level, and "qusheng" (21) low-falling. The pitch contours figured out in this study corresponded with that in Documentation of Weifang Dialect (1992). However, the pitch values are different, representing 324 ("yinping"), 52 ("yangping"), 44 ("shangsheng"), and 41 ("qusheng"). This study will be able to provide not only fundamental data for the acoustic modeling in Weifang Dialect, but also a reference to  correcting pronunciation of Standard Mandarin for Weifang natives.

Key words  Weifang Dialect  tone  duration  pitch height  pitch contour

Table of Contents

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Research Background 1

1.2 Significance and Research Questions 1

1.3 Structure of the Thesis 2

2 Literature Review 3

2.1 Mandarin and Its Dialects 3

2.2 Studies on Tones 3

2.3 F0 Normalization 5

3 Methods 8

3.1 Participants 8

3.2 Stimuli 8

3.3 Recording 9

3.4 Data Analysis 9

4 Results 11

5 Discussion 26

Conclusion 28

Acknowledgments 29

References 30

List of Tables and Figures

Table 3.1 Word List of Weifang Dialect for recording 9

Table 4.1 Mean(SD) of duration 11

Table 4.2 LZ scores of inpidual 19

Figure 2.1 F0 contours in LZ Score of four tones in five-scale pitch range in Standard Mandarin in actual duration (ms) cited

from Zhu (2010) 7

Figure 4.1 F0 contours with four vowels /a, ə, i, u/ in Weifang Dialect

in actual duration (ms) 12

Figure 4.2 F0 contours of four tones collapsing vowels in Weifang

Dialect in actual duration (ms) 16