The environmental impact on water surface quality and atmospheric pollution caused from ship operations were studied by several authors. Frankel (1987) included the impact of ballast water on port design and development plan. Maritime operations such as bunkering may engender oil spill risks with potentially catastrophic impacts on beaches,  food chains, sediment and fishing communities (Edoho, 2008; Idemudia and Ite, 2006; Ray, 2008) while anchoring may damage  irreplaceable environments (Backhurst and Cole, 2000). Gupta et al. (2005) studied various environmental impacts generated by various port activities and their sources. The impacts on surface water quality are caused  by generated sewage, bilge wastes, sludge, waste, oil discharges and leakages of harmful materials both from shore and ships. The emission from ships would affect the air quality in the port and surrounding areas. Zonn (2005) studied the anthropogenic environmental pollution caused by shipping, ports and terminals, and the shipping and transportation of oil by barges, tankers, and etc. Matishov and Selifonova (2008) addressed the issue of biological invasions via waterborne traffic as a source  of  ecological danger for water resources. They indicated that there is an absence of a scientifically based and generally recognized methodology  of  ballast water in control in the port of Novorossiysk. Ng and Song (2010) assessed the environmental impact costs of pollutant generated by routine shipping operations.

Chin and Low (2010) identified atmospheric and water pollution as the two main negative environmental externalities generated by shipping. Shipping generates a range of atmospheric emissions such as NOx, carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SOs), and etc. It is reported that containerships are by far the most important source of CO2 emissions in the shipping industry, in both absolute and per tone-km terms (Psaraftis and Kontovas, 2009). Bengtsson et al.(2012) evaluated the environmental assessment of two alternative pathways to bio-fuels, the diesel route and the gas route, in the shipping industry. From their study, it is found that gas route has better overall environmental performance than the diesel route indicating the use of bio-fuels as one possible measure to decrease the global warming impact from shipping. Walsh and Bows  (2012) studied the correlation between ship emissions and size using  UK shipping activities. It was highlighted that, although ship type is a crucial determinant of emissions, vessel size is also important, particularly for smaller ships where the variance in emission factors are the greatest.

2.2. Sustainable Development – Port

It is well acknowledged that the development of port facilities and their associated operations contribute significantly to the growth of maritime transport, economic development of coastal countries, and provide both direct and indirect employment to the region (Paipai, 1999). Ports, as part of a network or supply chain, are considered responsible for a wider set of impacts and seek to reconcile short-term views, private and public interests, and commercial and social objectives (Dooms et al., 2013). However, port development, operations and activities have adverse consequences on the environment responsible for a number of negative external effects (Acciaro et al., 2014; Dinwoodie et al., 2012; Gupta et al., 2005). Port activities would facilitate commercial and economic growth, but also likely cause deterioration of air and marine water quality in the surrounding areas (Grfoll et al., 2011; Gupta et al., 2005; Kroger et al., 2004). Port authorities, although being perse in size, geographical surroundings, activity profile and administration, all have to satisfy economic demands and industrial activity with sustainable development, compliance with legislation and cost and risk reduction (Puig et al., 2014). Most of the literature related to sustainable port development focused on ecological issues (Bateman, 1996; Berechman and Tseng, 2012; Dinwoodie et al., 2012; Liao et al., 2010) and monitoring    environmental