Secondly, according to a recent study by Thai et al.  (2015), Vietnamese ports are currently positioned at the expansion stage and are moving on to the expansion period in the port evolution model suggested by Bird (1980) and Notteboom and Rodrigue (2005). This means the ports are undergoing lots of expansion and improvement projects in terms of port infrastructure and superstructure expansion and  investment, hinterland connection, distripark development, etc. It is therefore in this context that the sustainable development of Vietnamese ports needs to be emphasised, since it will not be advisable for the ports just to focus on the economic dimension and neglect others such as social and environmental aspects of sustainable development. A well-rounded approach to sustainable port development would therefore be essential to the long- term economic development and growth of Vietnam.

Table 1Summary of Vietnamese ports throughputs (thousand TEUs)

3. Methodology

The principal purpose of this research is to conduct the preliminary validation of a sustainable development model of Vietnamese ports. To achieve this, the current study utilized mixed methods, which combines semi-structured interviews with primary and secondary data analysis. Base on the existing literatures, semi-structured interviews were conducted with port managers to validate the sustainable development criteria of Vietnamese ports. After the semi-structured interviews were analyzed, primary and secondary data were obtained to explore whether these sustainable criteria are actually practiced or implemented by Vietnamese ports.

3.1. Sample and Measures

Semi-structured interview were constructed based on the literature with internal and external management aspects following the previous studies of Gimenez et al. (2012), Gotschol et al. (2014), and Yang et al. (2013). The interview questionnaire was distributed via email due to limited time frame of the research. Out of 24 container ports in Vietnam, four port managers in Quang Ninh, Haiphong, SPCT and VICT replied back. The criteria of internal and external management aspects are presented  in Table 2 and Table 3. For the second phase of the research, eight container ports were selected based on data availability of their 10-year throughput. As discussed earlier, literature gaps exist in the previous studies where only one or two sustainable dimensions and impact of port development were considered. In the current study, both internal and external management aspects of sustainable dimensions (economic, environmental and social) for port to be developed sustainably were considered.

摘要：可持续发展议程正在挑战世界各地的港口当局寻求在经济、社会和环境保护方面有效的管理和经营港口的方法。在这方面，东盟国家政府已经实施各种绿色活动，以减少航运以及相关活动的环境影响。在这一点上，在这方面，大多数现有文献的研究主要集中在环境方面的可持续发展，并没有明确解释港口可持续发展到底蕴含着什么。此外，大多数研究主要集中在港口发展对环境的影响上面，并没有明确解释什么是影响可持续发展港口发展的因素。为了应对这些空缺，本研究旨在探讨构成港口可持续发展的主要因素，这个是通过对相关文献的综合评审以及与港口当局确证的深度访谈所得出的。因此，这项研究的结果将有助于确定从港口当局的角度来看，可持续港口发展的关键要素。在这篇文章里也有依据的讨论了越南港口的机会、挑战以及管理方面。

关键词：可持续港口发展绿色港口口东盟港口越南港

1、背景

增加环境意识为港口发展提出了新的挑战。此外，气候变化需要旨在尽量减少其影响的措施，这些影响比如不断上升的海平面和增加的洪水高度，以及保护水路的可达性和未来社会和自然的可持续性环境条件。为了最大限度地减少环境影响，并从长远来看追求可持续的业务，关于港口建设和扩建的若干立法已在国际和国内两级及时提出。例如，欧盟有相关立法（即船级社-条例（EC）第391/2009号船舶污染指令2000/59/EC，船用设备-指令96/98/EC和指令2014/90/EU）澳大利亚（即1986年环境保护法（WA））新西兰（即“资源管理（海洋污染）规例”）美国（即柴油减排法（DERA））新加坡（即“环境保护和管理法”（第94A章）等。）这些立法旨在将环境问题纳入港口发展的核心战略，并以更严格的标准为基础。因此，可持续性日益被视为未来几十年港口发展的关键驱动力之一。港口必须以可持续的方式规划和管理其运营和未来的扩展（增长），以应对有限的环境空间和加强与其腹地的互动。对与周围城市和谐发展的概念的认识和适应明显地促进了绿色增长和重要的经济驱动因素（Black1996）。在这方面，一些研究旨在测量可持续港口的表现（Chin和Low，2010;Tsinker，2004;Wiegmans和Louw，2011）。然而，我们还没有什么文献能够清楚和全面地描述了什么是可持续的港口发展。因此，需要朝着综合方法迈出一步，以提高各种可持续港口发展指标的评价有效性。