摘 要:狄更斯的《远大前程》是其晚期一部优秀的批判现实主义小说，围绕主人公皮普成长发展的历程展开描写。本文通过《远大前程》这部作品来阐述主人公皮普的心路发展历程，分析皮普性格转变的影响因素，从而探讨当时社会形态对人们的影响。大多人们对这部作品的理解皆从批判现实主义出发，而本文旨在用弗洛伊德的心理分析法来对作品中主人公本性转变过程的三个阶段及其影响因素进行分析，借此讨论人物所渴求的“远大前程”的实现和失去过程，并探寻当时社会对人性的剥夺及人们为本性回归所做的艰苦努力。

关键词：皮普;批判现实主义;心理分析;理想自我

Abstract:Dickens’ Great Expectations is an excellent novel of critical realism in his late writings, which revolves around the growth and development of the protagonist Pip. On the basis of Great Expectations, this paper elaborates Pip’s development history and analyzes the influential factors of changing Pip’s personality, so as to further explore the impact of society on people at that time. Most people develop their understandings of this work from the perspective of critical realism. However, in accordance with Freud’s psychoanalysis, this paper aims to analyze the three stages of the transformation process of the protagonist’s nature and its influential factors so as to discuss the process of obtaining and losing “great expectations” that Pip has a great thirst for, and explore the deprivation of humanity in the society of that time and the great efforts of people for the return of humanity.

Key words: Pip; Critical realism; Psychological analysis; Ideal self

Contents

摘 要 i

Abstract ii

Ⅰ. Introduction 1

Ⅱ. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory 2

Ⅲ. The Development of Pip’s Nature 4

3.1. The Nature of Pip. 4

3.2. The Change Process of Pip’s Nature. 7

Ⅳ. The Cause of Pip’s Nature Change 10

4.1. External Environment. 10

4.2. Internal Situation 11

Ⅴ. Conclusion 14

Bibliography 16

Acknowledgements 17

The Analysis of the Return of Pip’s Nature in Great Expectations

Ⅰ. Introduction

   In the 19th-century British mainstream literature, where critical realism dominated, Charles Dickens is one of the most outstanding representatives. He is adept at exploring the theme of life and describing the fate of young people. And his works really reflect the social outlook, succeeding in creating a variety of characters. Great Expectations is considered as his masterpiece, with the ingenious layout and perfect writing skills, which are combined together skillfully to attain the perfect art realm. In this book, he used a plain and a humorous style of writing to describe the changes of Pip both in psychology and thinking. During the Victorian period, Britain experienced the first industrial revolution, and the society changed greatly. The bourgeoisie became the ruling class of society, and the social system was correspondingly replaced by capitalism. The greed for money compelled all the people to pursue the material interests, and the simple social relations faded away from the historical stage. Money instead of family origin decided people’s social status and marriage prospects and became the roots of the evil and inequality of the society, those of which are reflected clearly in the works of Charles Dickens. Great Expectations reflects the changes of humanistic psychology in the period of revolutionary movement. At that time, the reactionary forces of the bourgeoisie became more arrogant because of the failure of the British and French revolutionary movements. Dickens’ understanding of the social changes depends on the life of social class. Dickens tried to depict the characteristics of the times, the warmth of people and the moral power. The depressed environment, the heavy psychology and the strong sense of indignation gradually replaced the spirit of optimism. Pip’s experience makes him anticipate his future through the whole process of the disillusionment, the collapse of the spiritual pillar and the subsequent conviction. Great Expectations made a positive influence on the society of that era. Until now, it still inspires people to a significant extent.