摘    要:堆肥是垃圾资源化处理处置最有发展前景的技术之一。好氧堆肥相比厌氧堆肥而言，降解程度更彻底、二次污染更小、堆肥化效果更好。但在实际操作过程中，如果通风率过低、含水率过高则会使其发生厌氧发酵，产生包括氮/硫化合物、挥发性脂肪酸和芳香族化合物以及其它挥发性有机物的恶臭气体。其中NH3是堆肥恶臭气体的重要组成部分，NH3能在环境中产生巨大危害，而且还会降低堆肥品质，因此有效控制堆肥过程中产生的NH3是需要解决的问题和有待研究的方向。不同种类生物质炭输入对垃圾堆肥过程NH3释放及微生态的影响研究结果表明，NH3的平均释放浓度在添加木炭的条件下最低，浓度为0.50 mg/m3；其次为添加稻壳炭的条件下，浓度为0.64 mg/m3；在添加竹炭的条件下最高，浓度为0.65 mg/m3。所以，用添加木炭来进行堆肥能有效地控制NH3的产生和释放。此外，总氮的下降趋势在添加竹炭条件下最高，其次是在添加稻壳炭的条件下，在添加木炭的条件下总氮的下降趋势最低。氮损失率从高到低依次为19.1%、15.9%和8.5%。所以，木炭相比于竹炭和稻壳炭更能有效地减少氨气的释放从而降低氮素损失。堆体微生态研究结果发现，在木炭输入条件下，硝化细菌、反硝化细菌相关细菌在堆肥末期总百分比基本都高于其他生物质炭输入条件下的总百分比，从而也有可能减少了NH3等相关气体的释放，降低了恶臭污染的风险。

Abstract:Composting is one of the most promising technologies for disposal of waste. Compared with anaerobic composting, aerobic composting has better degradation degree, smaller secondary pollution and better compost effect. However, during the actual operation process, if the ventilation rate is too low, and the moisture content is too high，the anaerobic fermentation will happen, producing nitrogen/sulfur compounds, volatile fatty acid and aromatic compounds and other volatile organic compounds of odorous gases. NH3 is an important component of compost odorous gases，which can cause great damage in the environment, and reduce the compost quality. Therefore, the effective control of NH3 during composting process is necessary to be performed and the techniques need to be optimized. Results of effects of different types of biochar inputs on NH3 release and microecology during waste composting process showed that the average release concentration of NH3 was the lowest in the condition of adding wood charcoal, and the concentration was 0.50 mg/m3. The concentration was 0.64 mg/m3 under the condition of adding rice hull charcoal. The highest concentration was 0.65 mg/m3 under the condition of adding bamboo charcoal. Therefore, composting with wood charcoal can effectively control the generation and the release of NH3. In addition, the decrease degree of total nitrogen was the highest under the condition of adding bamboo charcoal, followed by adding the condition of rice hull charcoal, and the decrease degree of total nitrogen was lower under the condition of adding charcoal. The nitrogen loss rate was 19.1%, 15.9% and 8.5%, respectively, from high to low. Therefore, wood charcoal can effectively reduce the release of ammonia and reduce the loss of nitrogen compared to bamboo charcoal and rice husk charcoal. The results of microecological study of the reactor were suggested，under the condition of charcoal input, nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, the total percentage of the bacteria in the late compost is higher than other basic biomass carbon input conditions, thus could reduce the NH3 gas release, and reduce the risk of odor pollution.

关键词：生物质炭；生活垃圾；堆肥；NH3；微生态

Keyword: Biochar; Domestic waste; Composting; NH3; Microecology

目录

第一章 前言 1

1.1我国垃圾产生现状及其危害 1

1.2 我国垃圾处理技术 1