摘要：我国是一个地形复杂的国家，尤其是山地丘陵众多，江河横纵，阻碍交通运输。所以为了节约运输成本隧道修建势在必行，对于救援而言，隧道越长越危险。隧道火灾长时间燃烧对其结构破坏、人员生命安全存在很大威胁。因为隧道特殊的结构导致火情蔓延迅速，严重威胁到隧道内部人员安全；火场周围比较封闭，极易造成烟气聚集，降低隧道内人员的能见度，火灾中产生的有毒气体造成隧道内人员逃生时身心受到打击，导致错失逃生机会；公路隧道内发生火灾后，由于空间上的限制，极易使得热量大量积聚，对隧道结构造成破坏，对隧道内人员的生命产生威胁，甚至二次伤害；公路隧道消防救援难度大，消防员不能及时有效的控制火情。由于隧道火灾频发，造成的损失巨大，随着计算机技术的发展，人们开始使用计算机仿真技术对隧道火灾和人员疏散等方面进行仿真研究，并将研究成果应用于隧道建设以及优化等方面。

本文的研究原型是山西段岩后隧道。利用仿真软件对其进行了仿真分析，其研究成果主要有：

（1）利用火灾动力学和数值仿真等技术，结合隧道环境发生火灾的特性，了解高温烟气的扩散。

（2）结合安全行为学、安全心理学等相关安全科学理论，结合隧道环境在火灾中的变化，获得了人员疏散行为准则。

（3）分析拟合了高温烟气的扩散速度与人员疏散速度关系，基本确定了在本文事故中人员的逃生时间。

（4）通过查阅资料，结合仿真结果对隧道基础设施优化提出可行性建议，在公共安全方面提供措施。

（5）隧道建设要符合人机安全工程学，考虑隧道自身结构安全以及经济性和实用性的同时，也要考虑周围环境的影响，避免因环境问题造成潜在威胁。

关键字： 隧道；火灾仿真；疏散仿真；应急预案

Analysis of tunnel evacuation simulation and safety countermeasures under catastrophic conditions

Abstract: China is a country with complex topography, especially mountainous and hilly areas. Therefore, in order to save transportation costs, tunnel construction is imperative. For rescue, the longer the tunnel is, the more dangerous it is. The long time combustion of tunnel fire destroys its structure and poses a great threat to personnel. Because the special structure of the tunnel causes the fire to spread rapidly and seriously threaten the safety of the personnel inside the tunnel; the fire is close around the fire field, and the smoke is easily gathered to reduce the visibility of the personnel in the tunnel. The toxic gases produced in the fire cause the physical and mental attack of the people in the tunnel, resulting in the missing escape opportunity; the highway tunnel. After the fire in the road, because of the limitation of space, it is very easy to make a large amount of heat accumulation, damage the structure of the tunnel, threaten the life of the people in the tunnel and even two times. The fire rescue of the highway tunnel is difficult and the firemen can’t control the fire in time and effectively because of the frequent fire in the tunnel. With the development of computer technology, people began to use computer simulation technology to carry out simulation research on tunnel fire and evacuation, and apply the research results to tunnel construction and optimization.

The research prototype in this paper is the Shanxi section of the post rock tunnel.

(1) Using the technology of fire dynamics and numerical simulation, combined with the characteristics of fire in tunnel environment, we can understand the diffusion of high temperature smoke.

(2) Combining the safety behavior theory, safety psychology and other relevant safety science theories, and combining the changes in the tunnel environment in the fire, the standards of evacuation behavior are obtained.