摘  要：从古至今，惩罚都在维持社会秩序、维护人们生活稳定等方面发挥着不可替代的作用，在教育中也是如此。教育中的惩罚是指受教育者违反了一定的行为规范时，教育者在合法范围内采取的使其行为规范化的措施，旨在纠正受教育者的过错，促进其发展。本研究通过问卷调查法、访谈法、文献法和案例分析法，发现小学教师运用惩罚的过程中在认识、行为和方式上存在部分问题：教师缺乏对惩罚的深层次理解；教师的惩罚行为两极分化；教师缺乏惩罚艺术，惩罚存在无效性。要让这些问题得到有效解决，首先，学校要加强制度方面的建设，包括建立健全的代课教师聘用制度和建立完善的教师评价制度；其次，要增加家校沟通的频率，建立多样化的家校沟通方式；最后，教师要有效运用惩罚的艺术，包括：惩罚前让学生对自己的行为进行解释，并让学生自己来选择自己弥补错误的方式；惩罚过程中要注意自己的情绪状态和表达方式，并根据不同学生的气质类型和性格特点来选择惩罚形式；惩罚后要对惩罚效果加以关注并根据学生被惩罚后的态度对学生进行教育。

关键词：惩罚；问题；小学教育

Primary research of punishment

Abstract：Since ancient times, punishment has played an irreplaceable role in maintaining social order and maintaining stability in people's lives, as well as in education. Punishment in education refers to the educatees violated certain norms, educators in the legal scope makes its behavior standardized measures, designed to correct fault of educatees, promote its development. This study through the questionnaire survey method, interview method, literature method and case analysis, found the primary school teachers in the process of the use of punishment in terms of cognition, behavior and some problems: teacher lack of deep understanding of punishment; Teacher punishments are polarized; Teachers lack punishment, and punishment is ineffectiveness. To effectively solve these problems, first of all, school should strengthen the construction of the system, including establishing and perfecting the substitute teacher employment system and establish a perfect teacher evaluation system; Second, it is important to increase the frequency of communication in the school and establish a persified home school communication style. Finally, the teacher wants to the art of effective use of punishment, including: let the students to explain his behavior before punishment, and let the students to choose themselves make up the wrong way; In the process of punishment, pay attention to your emotional state and expression, and choose the form of punishment according to the type of temperament and characteristics of different students. The punishment should be paid attention to the punishment and the students will be given a education following the punishment.

Key Words: Punishment;  The problem;   Primary school education

目  录

摘要-1

AbstractⅡ

目录Ⅲ

一、惩罚的内涵与价值意蕴 -1

（一）惩罚1

（二）惩罚与体罚的区别1

（三）惩罚的价值意蕴-2

二、小学教育中惩罚存在的问题及其分析-2

（一）教师对惩罚缺乏深层次理解3

（二）教师惩罚行为存在偏差4

（三）教师缺乏惩罚艺术6

三、合理运用惩罚的策略8

（一）加强制度建设，建立合理机制-8

（二）加强家校沟通9

（三）有效运用惩罚技巧9

参考文献11

《学记》中曾记载：“夏楚二物，收其威也”。自古以来惩罚就在人类社会秩序的维护方面发挥着极其重要的作用，在教育中也是如此。近代以来，提倡“赏识教育”的呼声愈来愈高。现在的大多数孩子都在父母的极其宠爱中成长，父母把儿童的受教育问题放在极其重要的位置，因此对教育中的惩罚问题也是十分重视，加之网络上经常报道一些恶性体罚事件来吸引人们的眼球，家长们对惩罚问题更加敏感。这些都导致了人们对惩罚的错误认识，认为惩罚是侵犯学生权益、伤害学生人格尊严的错误教育行为，要求教育者不再运用惩罚这种方式来教育学生。惩罚一时间成为众矢之的，教育机构和教育者们为了维护自身利益，开始减少甚至消除与惩罚有关的教育行为，即使学生犯了错误也要轻罚甚至不罚，导致学校管理无力、教师权威不再的状态。面对如此情形，教育到底还需不需要惩罚？教育者们到底该如何权衡呢？本文拟就此问题进行研究，以期增强此类问题的透明度。